Archive for March, 2006
5個方法居家徹底防潮
Thursday, March 30th, 2006紅、黃、綠燈食物表
Tuesday, March 28th, 2006暈眩
Friday, March 24th, 2006不只是個人的,也是社會的
Monday, March 13th, 2006“Geoffrey Rose said that when he started teaching medical students about epidemiology and public health, he used to say the medical student should ask the question, “Why did this patient get this disease at this time?” And he then later in his life decided that that was a rather restricted question. That was the question about this individual, and that’s an appropriate question for a clinician to ask. But to ask, “Why am I seeing so many more patients from this part of the city than that part of the city?” is a different sort of question. “Why is the rate of disease different?” is a different question.”
–Interview of Michael Marmot by Harry Kreisler at UC Berkley, 2002
我們理解需求的形式往往是從察覺少數個人的苦難開始的,因此,當我們理解了個人健康的需求之後,(預防)醫學為了避免一系列的個人苦難,很自然地把預防工作鎖定在那些風險中的個人。這種以個人作為基礎的模式在醫療專業中成為主宰的意識形態,並且只把焦點擺在個人疾病的短期治療,而忽略了對於個人未來健康的考量。也許每個醫師在面臨病患求診時,都應該在心中問自己:「為什麼這個病會發生?要怎麼樣能夠減低它復發的可能性?」
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determineants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate.
–In Geoffrey Rose, Sick Individuals and Sick Populations
人口取向的策略,重新把「社會」找回來,而不再只是看到了一個一個的個人或者家庭,並且認為疾病與各種暴露、(不)健康行為的出現,所反映的即是社會的面貌。因此倘若社會發生變遷,那麼風險以及疾病的分布也將改變。這個看到社會的人口取向預防策略,引領我們去探問那些”Causes of the cause”而開啟了不同的理解健康與疾病的方式與可能行動,這是一個改善人們健康相當有力而且基進的視野。
然而,這樣的論述似乎仍然不是相當受到歡迎的,不論對於政府或者一般的民眾而言,都仍然缺乏市場。雖然我們理解了很多健康的問題的根源來自於社會經濟的脈絡,不過政府通常仍比較願意將問題與措施定位在少數群體內部的問題,而不願以整體的國家社會政策介入。同時,他們也比較傾向於強調人們個人也應該為他們的健康負責。這樣的情形,在我們採取健康促進的社會行動時,往往成為我們行動議程與主要訴求的挑戰:人們對於需求的感受是以個人形式,而不容易以對抗社會經濟等問題根源的形式來理解。
這是我們的挑戰。最後,我們再次以Rose在他的經典之作的結語,做為我們暫時的註腳。
“The Primary determinants of disease are mainly economic and social, and therefore its remedies must be economic and social.”
–Concluded by Geoffrey Rose in The Strategy of Prevention Medicine.